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A cat that hisses when touched near its back isn’t "aggressive"—it may have undiagnosed osteoarthritis. A dog that suddenly snaps could have dental pain.

For decades, veterinary medicine focused almost exclusively on the physical health of animals—vaccinations, surgeries, and the eradication of parasites. However, as our understanding of the animal kingdom has evolved, so too has the realization that mental and physical health are inextricably linked. Today, the intersection of represents one of the most dynamic and essential fields in modern animal care. The Evolution of Clinical Ethology A cat that hisses when touched near its

For example, a dog suddenly showing aggression or "senility" may not have a behavioral flaw; they could be suffering from a brain tumor, cognitive dysfunction syndrome (similar to Alzheimer’s), or hypothyroidism. A cat urinating outside the litter box is frequently labeled as "spiteful" or "behavioral," yet a urinalysis often reveals cystitis or bladder stones. However, as our understanding of the animal kingdom