Modern HDM-4 versions (v2.2+) include modules to calculate excess fuel consumption and CO₂ emissions due to poor roughness. Agencies now use HDM-4 to justify “green maintenance” – i.e., keeping roads smooth reduces emissions more cheaply than buying carbon credits.
: Includes features like HDM CaliMiT to adjust global deterioration models to local climate and traffic conditions. hdm-4 software
: Focuses on prioritizing road sections for maintenance within a specific multi-year budget. Project Analysis Modern HDM-4 versions (v2
A more recent application paper (2022) that demonstrates how to use the software to predict impacts on rural road networks. hdm-4 software
The answer lies in data-driven decision-making, and the gold standard tool for this is .