This field bridges the gap between and medical care . It focuses on understanding how animals interact with their environment and how their physical health influences—and is influenced by—their mental state. 1. Animal Behavior (Ethology)

The most exciting frontier is the merging of behavioral pharmacology with environmental design. We now know that a trip to the vet’s office is, for many animals, an experience on par with a human visiting a torture chamber. The smells of fear from previous patients, the cold stainless steel, the sudden restraint—it triggers a cascade of cortisol that can last for days.